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Myopia- Nearsightedness (myopia) is a common vision condition in which near objects appear clear, but objects farther away look blurry. It occurs when the shape of the eye — or the shape of certain parts of the eye — causes light rays to bend (refract) inaccurately.
High myopia:A rare inherited type of high-degree nearsightedness is called high myopia. It happens when your child's eyeballs grow longer than they should or the cornea is too steep. High myopia is usually defined as myopia with a refractive error greater than -6.
Ophthalmologist-a specialist in the branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of disorders and diseases of the eye.
HyperopiaFar-sightedness, also known as long-sightedness, hypermetropia, and hyperopia, is a condition of the eye where distant objects are seen clearly but near objects appear blurred. This blur is due to incoming light being focused behind, instead of on, the retina due to insufficient accommodation by the lens.
वर्णांधता के प्रकार (Types of Color blindness) :
प्रोटानोपिया (Protanopia) :
इसमें लाल रंग को पहचानने में दिक्कत आती है।
डयुटेरानोपिया (Deuteranopia) :
इसमें हरे रंग को समझने में दिक्कत आती है।
ट्राइटानोपिया (Tritanopia) :
इसमें नीला रंग, हरे, पीले रंग में और नारंगी रंग गुलाबी रंग जैसा दिखाई देता है, जबकि बैंगनी रंग गहरा लाल दिखाई देता है।
ट्रायक्रोमेसी (Trichromacy) :
इसमें तीनो रंगो यानी लाल, हरे और नीले को पहचानने में दिक्कत आती है।
मोनोक्रोमेसी (Monochromacy) :
इसमें काला, सफेद और धूसर रंग ही दिखाई देता है।
वर्णांधता क्या है (What is colourblindness) : यह आँखों का एक रोग है जिसमें रोगी को किसी एक या एक से अधिक रंगों का बोध नहीं हो पाता है, जिसके कारण उसकी रंगबोध की शक्ति साधारण व्यक्तियों के रंगबोध की शक्ति से कम होती है। आपकी बेहतर जानकारी के लिए बता दे की यह रोग जन्म से हो सकता है, अथवा कतिपय रोगों के बाद उत्पन्न हो सकता है।
वैसे वर्णांधता (colorblind test) की समस्या गंभीर होने पर सभी चीजें ग्रे शेड्स में दिखाई देने लगती है। इसके बहुत ही कम मामले सामने आते है, लेकिन यह समस्या जीवनभर बनी रहती है और दोनों आंखों को प्रभावित करती है।
सबसे पहले वर्णान्धता की खोज होरनर (Horner) ने वर्ष 1876 में की थी। उन्होंने सर्वप्रथम यह पता लगाया कि कुछ व्यक्तियों में लाल व हरे रंग में भेद करने की क्षमता नहीं होती हैं। इसे प्रोटीन दोष (protein defect) या लाल-हरा अन्धापन (red-green blindness) भी कहते हैं। यह भी लिंग-सहलग्न रोग है। यह रोग सामान्यतया स्त्रियों में नहीं होता, जबकि स्त्रियां रोगवाहक (carrier) होती हैं।
वर्णांधता के लक्षण :
यहाँ हम आपको निम्नलिखित बिन्दुओं द्वारा वर्णांधता के लक्षणों से अवगत करा रहे है, जो इस प्रकार है...
The test consists of a number of Ishihara plates, which are a type of pseudoisochromatic plate. Each plate depicts a solid circle of colored dots appearing randomized in color and size. Within the pattern are dots which form a number or shape clearly visible to those with normal color vision, and invisible, or difficult to see, to those with a red-green color vision defect. Other plates are intentionally designed to reveal numbers only to those with a red-green color vision deficiency, and be invisible to those with normal red-green color vision. The full test consists of 38 plates, but the existence of a severe deficiency is usually apparent after only a few plates. There are also Ishihara tests consisting of 10, 14 or 24 test plates, and plates in some versions ask the viewer to trace a line rather than read a number
It comes into force on the 12th October, 2005 (120th day of its enactment on 15th June, 2005). Some provisions have come into force with immediate effect viz. obligations of public authorities, designation of Public Information Officers and Assistant Public Information Officers and constitution of Central Information Commission, constitution of State Information Commission, non-applicability of the Act to Intelligence and Security Organizations and power to make rules to carry out the provisions of the Act
Information means any material in any form including records, documents, memos, e-mails, opinions, advices, press releases, circulars, orders, logbooks, contracts, reports, papers, samples, models, data material held in any electronic form and information relating to any private body which can be accessed by a public authority under any other law for the time being in force.
It shall publish within one hundred and twenty days of the enactment:-
i. the particulars of its organization, functions and duties;
ii. the powers and duties of its officers and employees;
iii. the procedure followed in its decision making process, including channels of supervision and accountability;
iv. the norms set by it for the discharge of its functions;
v. the rules, regulations, instructions, manuals and records used by its employees for discharging its functions;
vi. a statement of the categories of the documents held by it or under its control;
vii. the particulars of any arrangement that exists for consultation with, or representation by the members of the public, in relation to the formulation of policy or implementation thereof;
viii. a statement of the boards, councils, committees and other bodies consisting of two or more persons constituted by it. Additionally, information as to whether the meetings of these are open to the public, or the minutes' of such meetings are accessible to the public;
ix. a directory of its officers and employees;
x. the monthly remuneration received by each of its officers and employees, including the system of compensation as provided in its regulations;
xi. the budget allocated to each of its agency, indicating the particulars of all plans, proposed expenditures and reports on disbursements made;
xii. the manner of execution of subsidy programmes, including the amounts allocated and the details and beneficiaries of such programmes;
xiii. particulars of recipients of concessions, permits or authorizations granted by it;
xiv. details of the information available to, or held by it, reduced in an electronic form;
xv. the particulars of facilities available to citizens for obtaining information, including the working hours of a library or reading room, if maintained for public use;
xvi. the names, designations and other particulars of the Public Information Officers.
It means any authority or body or institution of self-government established or constituted:
by or under the Constitution;
by any other law made by Parliament;
by any other law made by State Legislature;
by notification issued or order made by the appropriate Government and includes any-
a. body owned, controlled or substantially financed b. non-Government organization substantially financed directly or indirectly by the appropriate Government.
PIOs are officers designated by the public authorities in all administrative units or offices under it to provide information to the citizens requesting for information under the Act. Any officer, whose assistance has been sought by the PIO for the proper discharge of his or her duties, shall render all assistance and for the purpose of contraventions of the provisions of this Act, such other officer shall be treated as a PIO.
PIO shall deal with requests from persons seeking information and where the request cannot be made in writing, to render reasonable assistance to the person to reduce the same in writing.
If the information requested for is held by or its subject matter is closely connected with the function of another public authority, the PIO shall transfer, within 5 days, the request to that other public authority and inform the applicant immediately.
PIO may seek the assistance of any other officer for the proper discharge of his/her duties.
PIO, on receipt of a request, shall as expeditiously as possible, and in any case within 30 days of the receipt of the request, either provide the information on payment of such fee as may be prescribed or reject the request for any of the reasons specified in S.8 or S.9.
Where the information requested for concerns the life or liberty of a person, the same shall be provided within forty-eight hours of the receipt of the request.
If the PIO fails to give decision on the request within the period specified, he shall be deemed to have refused the request.
Where a request has been rejected, the PIO shall communicate to the requester - (i) the reasons for such rejection, (ii) the period within which an appeal against such rejection may be preferred, and (iii) the particulars of the Appellate Authority.
PIO shall provide information in the form in which it is sought unless it would disproportionately divert the resources of the Public Authority or would be detrimental to the safety or preservation of the record in question.
If allowing partial access, the PIO shall give a notice to the applicant, informing:
a. that only part of the record requested, after severance of the record containing information which is exempt from disclosure, is being provided;
b. the reasons for the decision, including any findings on any material question of fact, referring to the material on which those findings were based;
c. the name and designation of the person giving the decision;
d. the details of the fees calculated by him or her and the amount of fee which the applicant is required to deposit; and
e. his or her rights with respect to review of the decision regarding non-disclosure of part of the information, the amount of fee charged or the form of access provided.
If information sought has been supplied by third party or is treated as confidential by that third party, the PIO shall give a written notice to the third party within 5 days from the receipt of the request and take its representation into consideration.
Third party must be given a chance to make a representation before the PIO within 10 days from the date of receipt of such notice.
1. Develop educational programmes for the public especially disadvantaged communities on RTI.
2. Encourage Public Authorities to participate in the development and organization of such programmes.
3. Promote timely dissemination of accurate information to the public.
4. Train officers and develop training materials.
5. Compile and disseminate a User Guide for the public in the respective official language.
6. Publish names, designation postal addresses and contact details of PIOs and other information such as notices regarding fees to be paid, remedies available in law if request is rejected etc.
Central Government, State Governments and the Competent Authority as defined are vested with powers to make rules to carry out the provisions of the Right to Information Act, 2005.
If any difficulty arises in giving effect to the provisions in the Act, the Central Government may, by Order published in the Official Gazette, make provisions necessary/expedient for removing the difficulty.
1. Central Information Commission to be constituted by the Central Government through a Gazette Notification.
2. Commission includes 1 Chief Information Commissioner (CIC) and not more than 10 Information Commissioners (IC) who will be appointed by the President of India.
3. Oath of Office will be administered by the President of India according to the form set out in the First Schedule.
4. Commission shall have its Headquarters in Delhi. Other offices may be established in other parts of the country with the approval of the Central Government.
5. Commission will exercise its powers without being subjected to directions by any other authority.
1. Candidates for CIC/IC must be persons of eminence in public life with wide knowledge and experience in law, science and technology, social service, management, journalism, mass media or administration and governance.
2. CIC/IC shall not be a Member of Parliament or Member of the Legislature of any State or Union Territory. He shall not hold any other office of profit or connected with any political party or carrying on any business or pursuing any profession.
3. Appointment Committee includes Prime Minister (Chair), Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha and one Union Cabinet Minister to be nominated by the Prime Minister.
1. CIC shall be appointed for a term of 5 years from date on which he enters upon his office or till he attains the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
2. CIC is not eligible for reappointment.
3. Salary will be the same as that of the Chief Election Commissioner. This will not be varied to the disadvantage of the CIC during service.
1. IC shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office or till he attains the age of sixty-five years, whichever is earlier and shall not be eligible for reappointment as IC.
2. Salary will be the same as that of the Election Commissioner. This will not be varied to the disadvantage of the IC during service.
3. IC is eligible for appointment as CIC but will not hold office for more than a total of five years including his/her term as IC.
1. The State Information Commission will be constituted by the State Government through a Gazette notification. It will have one State Chief Information Commissioner (SCIC) and not more than 10 State Information Commissioners (SIC) to be appointed by the Governor.
2. Oath of office will be administered by the Governor according to the form set out in the First Schedule.
3. The headquarters of the State Information Commission shall be at such place as the State Government may specify. Other offices may be established in other parts of the State with the approval of the State Government.
4. The Commission will exercise its powers without being subjected to any other authority.
The Appointments Committee will be headed by the Chief Minister. Other members include the Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly and one Cabinet Minister nominated by the Chief Minister.
The qualifications for appointment as SCIC/SIC shall be the same as that for Central Commissioners.
The salary of the State Chief Information Commissioner will be the same as that of an Election Commissioner. The salary of the State Information Commissioner will be the same as that of the Chief Secretary of the State Government.
1. The Central Information Commission/State Information Commission has a duty to receive complaints from any person -
a) who has not been able to submit an information request because a PIO has not been appointed ; b) who has been refused information that was requested c) who has received no response to his/her information request within the specified time limits ; d) who thinks the fees charged are unreasonable e)who thinks information given is incomplete or false or misleading ;and f) any other matter relating to obtaining information under this law.
2. Power to order inquiry if there are reasonable grounds.
3. CIC/SCIC will have powers of Civil Court such as -
a) summoning and enforcing attendance of persons, compelling them to give oral or written evidence on oath and to produce documents or things;
b) requiring the discovery and inspection of documents;
c) receiving evidence on affidavit ;
d) requisitioning public records or copies from any court or office
e) issuing summons for examination of witnesses or documents
f) any other matter which may be prescribed.
4. All records covered by this law (including those covered by exemptions) must be given to CIC/SCIC during inquiry for examination.
5. Power to secure compliance of its decisions from the Public Authority includes-
a) providing access to information in a particular form;
b)directing the public authority to appoint a PIO/APIO where none exists;
c) publishing information or categories of information;
d) making necessary changes to the practices relating to management, maintenance and destruction of records ;
e)enhancing training provision for officials on RTI;
f) seeking an annual report from the public authority on compliance with this law;
g) require it to compensate for any loss or other detriment suffered by the applicant ;
1. Central Information Commission will send an annual report to the Central Government on the implementation of the provisions of this law at the end of the year. The State Information Commission will send a report to the State Government .
2. Each Ministry has a duty to compile reports from its Public Authorities and send them to the Central Information Commission or State Information Commission, as the case may be.
3. Each report will contain details of number of requests received by each Public Authority, number of rejections and appeals, particulars of any disciplinary action taken, amount of fees and charges collected etc.
4. Central Government will table the Central Information Commission report before Parliament after the end of each year. The concerned State Government will table the report of the State Information Commission before the Vidhan Sabha (and the Vidhan Parishad wherever applicable).
i. information, disclosure of which would prejudicially affect the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security, strategic, scientific or economic interests of the State, relation with foreign State or lead to incitement of an offence
ii. information which has been expressly forbidden to be published by any court of law or tribunal or the disclosure of which may constitute contempt of court;
iii. information, the disclosure of which would cause a breach of privilege of Parliament or the State Legislature;
iv. information including commercial confidence, trade secrets or intellectual property, the disclosure of which would harm the competitive position of a third party, unless the competent authority is satisfied that larger public interest warrants the disclosure of such information;
v. information available to a person in his fiduciary relationship, unless the competent authority is satisfied that the larger public interest warrants the disclosure of such information;
vi. information received in confidence from foreign Government;
vii. information, the disclosure of which would endanger the life or physical safety of any person or identify the source of information or assistance given in confidence for law enforcement or security purposes;
viii. information which would impede the process of investigation or apprehension or prosecution of offenders;
ix. cabinet papers including records of deliberations of the Council of Ministers, Secretaries and other officers;
x. information which relates to personal information the disclosure of which has no relationship to any public activity or interest, or which would cause unwarranted invasion of the privacy of the individual;
xi. Notwithstanding any of the exemptions listed above, a public authority may allow access to information, if public interest in disclosure outweighs the harm to the protected interests.
Only that part of the record which does not contain any information which is exempt from disclosure and which can reasonably be severed from any part that contains exempt information, may be provided.
Central Intelligence and Security agencies specified in the Second Schedule like IB, R&AW, Directorate of Revenue Intelligence, Central Economic Intelligence Bureau, Directorate of Enforcement, Narcotics Control Bureau, Aviation Research Centre, Special Frontier Force, BSF, CRPF, ITBP, CISF, NSG, Assam Rifles, Special Service Bureau, Special Branch (CID), Andaman and Nicobar, The Crime Branch-CID-CB, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Special Branch, Lakshadweep Police. Agencies specified by the State Governments through a Notification will also be excluded. The exclusion, however, is not absolute and these organizations have an obligation to provide information pertaining to allegations of corruption and human rights violations. Further, information relating to allegations of human rights valuations could be given but only with the approval of the Central or State Information Commission, as the case may be.
1. Apply in writing or through electronic means in English or Hindi or in the official language of the area, to the PIO, specifying the particulars of the information sought for.
2. Reason for seeking information are not required to be given;
3. Pay fees as may be prescribed (if not belonging to the below poverty line category).
The first requirement for the use of Hindi on computers is to activate Unicode. Unicode encoding enable the computer to be able to work in any language.How to active unicode
Keyboard Options
after activate the unicode, According to your need to choose the option of the keyboard, it has to be installed. mainly three options :
encrypt keyboard
Remington keyboard
Phonetic Keyboard
Inscript keyboard is the standard keyboard and its already inbuild in all operating systems (Windows,Linux BOSS,Mac book). It also can be said for Indian languages Universal keyboards.How to install keyboard ?
after learning typing in at least one Indian language on encrypt keyboard make possible to type in any other Indian language because for all Indian languages encrypt keyboard is same. a software is available on bhashaindia.com name Indic Script Tutor Which enables INSCRIPT keyboard layout can be learned.to learn Hindi encrypt typing from TDIL 's site hindi encrypt typing tutor can be download for free.
Hindi fonts only authorized use of Unicode font is supported. it avoids problems in the file transaction. Microsoft and Apple OS systems already in Devanagari Unicode fonts are available, including Unicode Tue. Additional supported Unicode fonts can be download from www.ildc.gov.in.
Use of hindi IT Tools
Several tools are available for the use of Hindi on computers :
Phonetic Tools
Only having knowledge of English or typing in Roman, Hindi / Devanagari to type in the phonetic tools can be used. It is too much choice.
You can download the Microsoft's tool. (for this you must installed net frame work ie Dotnet fixes 2.0 to 3.5 in your computer. )
In this method the user speaks into the microphone And the speech-to-text computer program Process and writes in text by changing. these types of writing software called Renowned software. this tool is available on the site of rajbhasha department.
Mantra - Officer Language
Mantra-officer language is a machine-assisted translation systems, The official language of administrative, financial, agriculture, small industry, information technology, health care, education and banking sectors translates documents from English to Hindi. This tool is available on the site of department of official language.
E-General Dictionary
E-General dictionary is a bi-lingual bi-dimensional pronunciation dictionary. The following are the features of the E-General Dictionary:-
Devanagari script in the Unicode font
Hindi / English words to pronunciations
Clear format, easy and instant word search
Letter word list in order, direct word search
English / Hindi letters Word Search
Speech interfaces with the Hindi word pronunciation
This tool is available on the site of official language department. Use the links to it.
LILA Online Hindi courses and exams -
Free Hindi language learning have been produced by the Department of Official Language Hindi Prabodh Lila, Lila Hindi Praveen and LILA Pragya Hindi courses are available softwares. These softwares can be obtained free of charge from Central Hindi Training Institute, New Delhi and various Central Hindi Training deputy institutions. through these softwares English versions of the internet as well as various Indian languages Hindi can be learn free of charge. The Audio video features also available. for Internet version, click the link below -
Realizing the immense potential of MT, the Department of Official Language, (DOL) Government of India, began actively funding such projects in following domains such as Personnel Administration, Finance, Agriculture, Small Scale Industries, Information Technology, Healthcare, Education and Banking domains. The project is called ‘MANTRA-Rajbhasha’ which is broadly being used in various ministries and official departments.
MANTRA-Rajbhasha is a MAchiNe Assisted TRAnslation Tool to facilitate the translation of documents pertaining to Personnel Administration, Finance, Agriculture, Small Scale Industries, Information Technology, Healthcare Education and Banking domains from English to Hindi. The system is based on the MANTRA Technology developed by the Applied Artificial Intelligence Group (AAI) of C-DAC, Pune. Sponsored by the Department of Official Language (DOL), Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, Mantra-Rajbhasha has been developed as Standalone, Intranet and Internet versions. MANTRA-Rajbhasha has been designed to assist the various departments and ministries of the government to procure quick and standard Hindi translations of English documents.
MANTRA - Rajbhasha Standalone
MANTRA-Rajbhasha Standalone version has been developed for individual users interested in using the translation system on their personal computers without any network connectivity. The system provides a personal login id and password to maintain the translated documents. This is an interactive system and includes the common tools required to translate a document such as selection from multiple output, online thesaurus for contextually appropriate synonym and dictionary. Now MANTRA-Rajbhasha Standalone can be downloaded from the
The MANTRA-Rajbhasha Internet version has been designed and developed, using the thin client architecture where the complete translation process is carried out at the server side. This enables even low-end systems with Internet connectivity to avail the facility to translate the documents from remote locations. System is facilitated with File translation and user friendly Instant Translation. The translated documents are stored in the user inbox for later retrieval. MANTRA-Rajbhasha Internet version is the optimal solution for sharing translation-system resources.
ShrutLekhan-Rajbhasha, a Hindi speaker independent, continuous speech recognition system is a milestone in the field of Speech technology that enables a machine to recognise human speech and provide an output in Hindi Unicode. This project has been developed by Applied AI Group, C-DAC, Pune for Department of Official Language [DOL], Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. ShrutLekhan-Rajbhasha is used as a tool in MANTRA-Rajbhasha (Machine Assisted Translation) system to correct the translated Hindi text. Recognizer improves recognition through the use of grammar (Language Module), which defines the vocabulary and syntax.
The user communicates with the application through the appropriate input device i.e. a microphone. The Recognizer converts the analog signal into digital signal for the speech processing. A stream of text is generated after the processing.
Salient Features:
Output is in UNICODE, a universally accepted font Facility to convert UNICODE text into ISFOC fonts
Unicode Hindi typing help
Facility for Undo, Redo, Cut, Copy, Past, Select ALL, Find and Replace
Runtime displaying Punctuation marks, Date, Number and Currency formats
Text correction facility
Bilingual typing & editing facility
Floating Toolbar provided for MS Word, MS Excel, MS Paint and Notepad
Off-line wave audio wave file input facility has been incorporated for the user to transcribe his/her stored audio wave file into Hindi text
Facility for typing through Inscript, Remington and Phonetic keyboards
Pravachak-Rajbhasha is a Hindi Text-to-Speech (TTS/Speech synthesis) system developed by Applied AI group, C-DAC, Pune with support of Department of Official Language (DOL), New Delhi. It transforms Hindi text (UNICODE) into Hindi speech. Pravachak-Rajbhasha has a facility of reading the selected Hindi (Unicode) text from a web page or a text/doc file.
Salient Features:
Pravachak-Rajbhasha is a UNICODE Compatible system
Available in three application mode: Web Narrator, e-Reader and e-Mail reader
Equipped to read content from the web, e-mails (Microsoft outlook 1997-2007) and standalone document
Equipped to read content from the web, e-mails (Microsoft outlook 1997-2007) and standalone document
Intelligent system to identify the variation in spelling and pronunciation
Facility provided to change the play speed and volume
Support standalone documents like MS word files, Text files, html files
Facility of Virtual keyboard has been provided in Web Narrator, e-Reader and e-Mail reader for typing in Phonetic, Inscript and Remington
The Text-to-Speech engine, PRAVACHAK-RAJBHASHA, comprises the following three applications:
Web Narrator
The web narrator is equipped to narrate the content of a web page (in Devnagari script) selected by the user. The user has the liberty of listening to the narration at the desired pace as he/ she can alter the pace of utterance using the Speed button.
E-Reader
Devnagari documents stored in a system can be narrated by using this tool. E-Reader can narrate the following file formats - .txt file, .doc file, .docx file, .rtf file, .ppt file, .xls file or .xlsx file.
E-Reader provides the user with the liberty of making the system read-out an already existing file or user can type the desired text.
Email-Reader
This tool enables the user to make the system read-out the contents of e-mail in Devnagari script. It can be used to narrate the e-mail messages of ‘Microsoft Outlook’.
On Screen Keyboard
Pravachak-Rajbhasha has a user friendly option for those who are not comfortable typing Hindi. It has a select-and-type on-screen keyboard in all its applications. There are three options:
Translation memory (TM) is a feature of computer-aided translationsystem which helps in the translation process. A translation memory is basically a database which stores the translated data in the form of aligned source-language and target-language segments. The main characteristic of the Translation memory system is that it allows a translator to re-use the already translated segments while translating a new file, either through complete match or partial match in TM.
Translation Memory is built on the basis of analyzing the bilingual corpus. The TM database gets continuously enriched with each subsequent use of the system for translation purpose.
The TM databases are of two types: Global Translation Memory (GTM) and Local Translation Memory (LTM). LTM is a standalone version on each translator’s system while GTM is on the centralized DOL server. After vetting of LTMs, these LTMs become part of GTM.
This memory-based English to Hindi & vice-versa Translation system has been developed for Department of Official Language (DOL), Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.
-Analyze the documents forinformation summary regarding number of files translated, exact matched sentences, partially matched sentences, found words, not found words etc.
-Generate Status reports for the summary of the created files, projects and packages within a given period of time.
